Women in The Odyssey: The Roles and Influence of Female Characters

05.14.2023 // By Tome Tailor

Homer’s epic poem, The Odyssey, tells the amazing story of the Greek hero Odysseus and his ten-year journey to return home to Ithaca after fighting in the Trojan War. The influence of the goddess Athena, Homer’s portrayal of women in pivotal roles, and the importance of women in the development of Odysseus’ character and adventures are among the fascinating aspects of this epic poem.

Aside from the male protagonist Odysseus, there are various women who play significant roles in his journey. These female characters provide substantial contributions to the story and represent the different aspects of women’s influence in Ancient Greek society. Let’s dive into their characterizations and roles in The Odyssey.

Goddess Athena: The Protector and Guide

Athena, the goddess of wisdom, plays a significant role in guiding and influencing Odysseus throughout his journey. As the daughter of Zeus, she holds immense power and uses it to benefit Odysseus multiple times. She is portrayed as a loyal and protective ally to Odysseus, constantly looking out for his well-being and ensuring his eventual return to Ithaca.

For instance, at the beginning of the story, Athena convinces Zeus to allow Odysseus to return home, and through her persuasion, she gains his blessing to aid Odysseus on his journey. Athena’s intervention demonstrates the essential influence of the gods, especially their support for a mortal, which directly impacts the outcome of Odysseus’ adventures.

Moreover, Athena also influences Telemachus, Odysseus’ son. In disguise, she guides him to search for information about his father and helps elevate his confidence and maturity. Thus, Athena’s influence not only affects Odysseus but also helps pave the way for Telemachus to become a wise and responsible leader.

Penelope: The Loyal and Cunning Wife

Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, is another prominent female character in The Odyssey. For ten years, while her husband is away, she remains loyal and resolute in her faith that he will return. Penelope faces numerous obstacles, including the relentless advances of numerous suitors desiring her hand in marriage, who believe that Odysseus is dead.

Notably, Penelope exhibits intelligence and cunning by keeping the suitors at bay for years through her deception of crafting a shroud for her father-in-law, Laertes. She makes a promise to choose a suitor once the shroud is complete, but she secretly unravels her work at night, effectively postponing any decision on remarriage.

Her incredible loyalty, patience, and resourcefulness symbolize the ideal woman and wife in Ancient Greek society. When Odysseus finally returns and reveals himself, Penelope’s unwavering faith in her husband results in the resumption of their life together.

Calypso and Circe: The Temptresses and Obstacles

Calypso and Circe are two female characters that present various temptations and challenges for Odysseus during his journey. Calypso, a nymph and daughter of the Titan Atlas, holds Odysseus captive on her island, Ogygia, for seven long years. Although Calypso offers him immortality, Odysseus remains determined to return to his wife and son. Eventually, through the intervention of the gods, Calypso is ordered to release him. This episode with Calypso reflects Odysseus’ perseverance and loyalty, as well as depicting the potential threat of a seductive woman to his goals.

Similarly, Circe is a powerful witch who resides on Aeaea Island. She initially transforms Odysseus’ men into swine, but with the help of Hermes, Odysseus becomes immune to her sorcery. Circe subsequently falls in love with Odysseus and convinces him to stay with her for a year. Odysseus eventually departs, with Circe’s guidance, to continue his journey home. Like Calypso, Circe represents yet another temptation for Odysseus, highlighting the power that women can hold over men, as well as their potential to provide knowledge and assistance when appeased.

These female characters, along with many others in The Odyssey, showcase the diversity of women’s roles and their significant influence on the narrative. From guiding and supporting Odysseus, to embodying patience and loyalty, and even presenting tempting obstacles, these women contribute enormously to the richness and complexity of Homer’s epic poem. Exhibiting their power and agency, the portrayal of women in The Odyssey remains a captivating aspect that continues to captivate readers.

Expand your knowledge of the amazing women in Homer’s classical epic by reading or listening to The Odyssey on Amazon.

Recommended Articles:

Looking for Something Else?